"Just because a diagnosis [of ADHD] can be
made does not take away from the great traits we love about Calvin and his imaginary tiger friend, Hobbes. In
fact, we actually love Calvin
BECAUSE of his ADHD traits. Calvin’s
imagination, creativity, energy, lack of
attention, and view of the
world are the gifts that Mr.
Watterson gave to this character." -- The
Dragonfly Forest
In his 2004 book "Creativity is Forever", Gary Davis
reviewed the creativity literature from 1961 to 2003 and
identified 22 reoccurring
personality traits of creative people. This
included 16 "positive" traits (e.g., independent, risk-taking, high energy, curiosity, humor, artistic, emotional) and 6 "negative" traits (e.g.,
impulsive, hyperactive,
argumentative). In her own review of the
creativity literature, Bonnie Cramond found that many of these same traits overlap to a substantial degree with behavioral descriptions of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)--
including higher levels of spontaneous idea generation,
mind wandering,
daydreaming, sensation seeking, energy, and impulsivity.
Research since then has
supported the notion that people with ADHD characteristics are
more likely to reach higher levels of creative thought
and achievement than people
without these characteristics Recent research by Darya Zabelina and colleagues have found that real-life creative achievement is
associated with the ability to broaden
attention and have a “
leaky” mental filter-- something in which people with ADHD excel.
Recent work in cognitive neuroscience also suggests a connection between ADHD and creativity (see here and here).
Both creative
thinkers and people with ADHD show difficulty
suppressing brain
activity coming from the "Imagination Network":
THE IMAGINATION NETWORK
Of course,
whether this is a
positive thing or a
negative thing
depends on the context. The
ability to control your attention is most certainly a valuable asset; difficulty inhibiting your inner mind can get in the way of paying attention to a boring
classroom lecture or
concentrating on a challenging
problem. But the ability to keep your inner stream of fantasies, imagination, and
daydreams on call can be immensely
conducive to creativity. By automatically treating ADHD characteristics as a disability-- as we so often do in an educational
context-- we are unnecessarily letting too many
competent and creative kids fall through the cracks.
Nine percent of children aged 5-17
years old are labeled ADHD on
average per year, and placed in special education programs. However, new data from The
National Center for Learning Disabilities shows
that only 1% of students who receive IDEA (Individuals With
Disabilities Act)
services are in gifted and talented
programs, and only 2% are
enrolled in an AP course. The report concludes that "students with learning and attention issues are shut out of gifted and AP programs, held back in grade level and suspended from school at
higher rates than
other students."
Why does this
matter? Consider a new study
conducted by C.
Matthew Fugate and colleagues. They selected a population of students with ADHD characteristics who were part of a summer residential camp for gifted,
creative, and talented
students. The large majority of the students were selected for the program because they either scored in the 90th
percentile or above on a
standardized test, or had a GPA of 3.5 or greater in specific areas (e.g.,
mathematics, chemistry).
The
researchers then
compared this ADHD
group of students with a
non-ADHD group of students who were participating in the same gifted program. They gave all the
students tests of fluid
reasoning, working
memory, and creative cognition. Fluid reasoning involves the ability to infer relations and spot novel and complex
patterns that
draw on minimal prior
knowledge and
expertise. Working memory involves the ability to control attention and hold
multiple streams of information in mind at
once. They measured creative cognition by having the
students come up with
novel drawings that included one of the
following elements: an oval shape, incomplete figures, and
two straight lines.
The researchers found that students with ADHD
characteristics (especially those who scored high in "inattention") had
lower working
memory scores than the non-ADHD students, even
though they did not
differ in their fluid reasoning ability. This is
consistent with past research showing that people with ADHD tend to score lower on tests of working memory (see here and here), but these findings also suggest that
people with ADHD can still be quite
smart despite their reduced ability to hold multiple pieces of information in memory. Also, despite their
reduced working memory, 53% of the academically advanced students with ADHD characteristics scored at or above the 70th percentile on the creativity index. In fact, for both the ADHD and the non-ADHD group of
students, the poorer the working memory, the
higher the creativity!
This
obviously has some important educational
implications. To be sure, ADHD can make it difficult for students to pay attention in class and organize their lives. The importance of learning key attentional control skills should not be undervalued. But let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater. As the researchers note, "in the school setting, the challenge becomes how to create an environment in which creativity is
emphasized as a pathway to
learning as well as an
outcome of learning."
One
issue involves the
identification of "twice exceptional" students and their
appropriate educational programming. Assessments of creativity are notably absent from most gifted and talented programs in
this country. Instead of automatically putting
children with ADHD characteristics in special education, a broader
assessment should be conducted. For one, IQ tests could be
administered that focus less on working memory and memorization, and allows for a fairer assessment of fluid reasoning and non-sequential
thought among this population of students.
A broader assessment could also allow students with ADHD characteristics to display their creative strengths, including divergent thinking, imagination, and hyperfocus (
when interested). People with ADHD often are able to focus better than others when they are deeply engaged in an activity that is personally
meaningful to them. Recent research suggests that the brain network that
people with ADHD have difficulty suppressing (the "
Imagination Network") is the same brain network that is conducive to flow and engagement among musicians, including jazz musicians and rappers!
In terms of
programming, problem-based learning (PBL)
approaches may enable ADHD
students to engage more with the material, and become active learners, rather than passive observers (see here). Additionally, learning can be
assessed through project-based learning (PBL), in which students demonstrate their knowledge of the course material through the creation of different products (e.g., cartoons, role-playing, blogs, videos, newspaper
articles), and the constant
revision of these products.
Of course, these same possibilities should extent to all students in the classroom, academically advanced or not.
Because we never really know whether an ADHD
characteristic is a learning impediment or a creative gift.
Consider the case of John, who in 1949 attended Eton College and
dreamed of becoming a scientist. However, last in his class, he received the following comment on his report card:
"His work has been far from
satisfactory... he will not listen, but will insist on doing his work in his own way... I
believe he has ideas about becoming a Scientist; on his
present showing this is quite ridiculous, if he can't learn simple
Biological facts he would have no chance of doing the work of a Specialist, and it would be a sheer waste of time on his part, and of those who have to teach him."
This was Sir John B. Gurdon, winner of the 2012 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for his
revolutionary research on stem cells. Like so many other highly creative,
competent individuals, he might have been referred for
testing and given the label "attention deficit hyperactive disorder".